The old are considerably more expensive to maintain. They now live mainly at home and need more services, and medical costs at present are almost twice the bill for people under 65. To support the old, the social-security system already pays more than it receives, and within a matter of four years, it will not be able to help the retired. Then, to keep the system going, working Americans will simply have to work harder and receive less pay. Effect 1: taking care of the old costing more money Effect 2: the social security system losing money Effect 3: working Americans working harder but getting less pay Four patterns of cause-effect relationship ? Single-cause-single-effect pattern ? Single-cause-many-effects pattern ? Many-causes-single-effect pattern ? Causal chain pattern
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