ion ?Causes:?geographical barriers?loyalty to one’s native speech?physical & psychological resistanceРAt present:?decreasing of geographical variation in languageРDialectal varietiesР拯救方言РSociolect 社会方言? the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class?same geographical region?same regional dialect? ? Features:?ic features: -n’-- -ing?grammatical level: I can’t eat nothing.?accent: Received Pronunciation (RP) 标准发音? (upper class speech, high-status marker)РDialectal varietiesРspeak differentlyРLanguage and gender 语言与性别РIntonation 语调?Female: a wider range; low-rise intonation?Lexicon 词汇?Female: ? more adjectives of evaluation:nice,lovely, cute, fantastic? more intensifiers: awfully, really, …РOn the whole?Female: more correct, less assertive, more politeРDialectal varieties
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