uipmentandoperation.Thiswasanundesir-ablesitution,becausenotonlywasthemobileequipmentlimitedtooperationwithinnationalboundaries,whichinaunifiedEuropewereincreasinglyunimportant,buttherewasalsoaverylimitedmarketforeachtypeofequipment,soeconomiesofscaleandthesubsequentsavingscouldnotberealized.TheEuropeansrealizedthisearlyon,andin1982theConferenceofEuropeanPostsandTelegraphs(CEPT)formedastudygroupcalledtheGroupeSpécialMobile(GSM)tostudyanddevelopapan-Europeanpubliclandmobilesystem.Theproposedsystemhadtomeetcertaincriteria:patibilityIn1989,municationStandardsInstitute(ETSI),mercialservicewasstartedinmid-1991,worksin22countries.AlthoughstandardizedinEurope,GSMisnotonlyaEuropeanstandard.works(includingDCS1800andPCS1900)areoperationalin110countriesaroundtheworld.Inthebeginningof1994,therewere1.3