s the surface deformations to predict gap heights, frictions, etc., between the piston and barrel and between the swash plate and slipper. All these clearance geometrics in Eq. (12) are nonlinear and operation based, which is plicated issue. In this study, the experimental measurements of the gap flows are preferred. If it is not possible, the worst cases of the geometrics or tolerances with empirical adjustments may be used to consider the cavitation issue, i.e., minimum gap flows.РFor scenario V, the flow is mostly in high velocity and can be described by using the turbulent orifice equation asР (14) where Pi and Pd are the intake and discharge pressure of the pump and and are the instantaneous overlap area between barrel kidneys and inlet/discharge ports of the valve plate individually.
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