alled,be known as, 等词汇或破折号来表示。同位关系及对上、下一句话的解释说明或概括总结。Р小结:??1.定义法,同位关系Р1.The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.?2. If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”.Р取代Р不同意Р小结:??2. 根据同义词,反义词关系Рand ,or ,such as, like, for example, ?for instance常连接同义词组。РHis trying to unlock the door was futile, because she was using the wrong key.?She did not hear what you said because she was engrossed in her reading.Р徒劳的РGuess the meaning of the wordР全神贯注Р小结:??3. 根据因果关系Р常用关联词(如because,as,since,for so,thus,as a result,so, so … that, such … that,therefore等)表示前因后果。РAlthough the early morning had been very cool, the noonday sun was tropical.Р热的Р小结:??4.根据对比和转折关系Р表转折关系的词常有如but, while, however, instead of , rather than , unlike, yet, otherwise, though ? on the contrary等。