cturingproduction,thusreducingopportunitiesfordevelopingcountriestoparticipateinGVCs,ortheymaystrengthenGVCsbyreducingcoordinationandmatchingcostsbetweenbuyersandsuppliers.Despitetheaggregategainstheycreate,trade,automationanddigitaltechnologiescancausedisruptionandwidenexist-ingdisparitiesacrossregionsandindividuals.prehensiveadjustmentpolicies.Whilesmallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs)areunder-representedinGVCs,thedigitaleconomyprovidesnewopportunitiesforSMEstoplayamoreactiverole.OpenandtransparentpoliciestendtopromoteGVC-ledgrowthmorethanimport-reducingpoliciestargetedatraisingtheshareofdomesticvalue-addedinexports.Usingvalue-addedtraderatherthangrosstradestatisticsiscrucialtounderstandingGVCsandtheirimpactonjobs.Effortstocontinuetoimprovethequalityoftheseestimatesarestronglyencouraged.
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