r to contextualise the range of collaborative travel apps a classification framework has been devised based on the form of exchange and type of sharing opportunities afforded (Fig. 1). Collaborative travel apps based on generalised exchange are the focus of this paper. Smartphone technology has the potential to connect collaborators more spontaneously within a work and thus has scope to e the problems of more static systems, however, studies in both the USA and UK suggest establishing norms for the use of such systems is a contemporary challenge (Fremstad, 2014 and Harvey et al., 2013). To date there is only anecdotal evidence around the efficacy of these apps. It is not clear what these apps have achieved in relation to user uptake and ultimately the goal of reduced car use. 2. App trials
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