main purpose : 1.Remove the causes , 2. Stones clearance, kidney function protection. Section IV Prevention principals 1. Drug therapy Dissolve stones Prevention of stones MET (medicine expulsion of stones): The diameter ≤ 4mm,the rate of spontaneous expulsion is about 80%. 4mm:50%; ≥ 6mm:20% ; Diameter greater than 10mm,rarely discharged Section IV Prevention principals ?2. Surgical therapy ? 2.1 indications for intervention ? Stone diameter is less than 4mm,the spontaneous stone passage(SSP) 自行排石 rate is likely to 80%,5mm 50%, ≥ 6mm 20% , ≥ 10mm rarely. ? Ureteral stones SSP rate: upper 25%,middle 45%,distal 70%. 2.2 Treatment principles and order of b ilateral renal stones Upper urinary tract calculi accounted for 5%- 10%,the p rinciples are protecting renal function.
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