ology, (3) adjust the anesthetic and surgical plan accordingly, (4) assess the results of surgical intervention. Practice Guidelines for Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force on Transesophageal Echocardiography * Anesthesiology 2010; 112:1 –1探头放置?盲法置入?放置失败率 0.18% ?术后吞咽痛发生率 0.1% ?食管穿孔发生率 0.01% Ian J. Kallmeyer et al. The Safety of Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography: A Case Series of 7200 Cardiac Surgical Patients. Anesth Analg 2001;92:1126-1130 经食管插管的禁忌症?绝对禁忌症:吞咽困难、食管肿瘤、撕裂和穿孔、食管憩室、活动性上消化道出血、食管手术后不久等。?相对禁忌症:食管静脉曲张、严重的颈椎病变等。对拟行术中 TEE 监测的病人,术前探视时一定要仔细询问上消化道病史。 TEE 探头?换能器所采用的超声发射频率为 3.75~7.0MHz 。?单平面→双平面→多平面→三维 TEE 多平面角度与扫描断面的关系
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