ral position in logical form that is occupied by a covert variable. 13 12 I am using “expression” here also in a broad sense. As I use it here, it includes, for example, covert variables. 13 I will assume, in this paper, a traditional syntax involving variables. However, there is an alternative conception of syntax and semantics, in which variables are eliminated in favor of operators. Such frameworks have been recently advanced by some linguists, who claim that it has methodological advantages over frameworks involving variables (e.g., Szabolcsi (1989), and more recently, Jacobson (1999)). I am not quite sure how the adoption of a variable free framework would affect the discussion in this paper. Many of the principles and theses of this paper would have be reformulated. However, though I
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