id. Moreover, ProActive supports fault-tolerance, load-balancing, mobility, and security. Nevertheless, the use of RMI as its default transport layer adds significant overhead to the operation of this middleware.РThe optimization of the RMI protocol has been the goal of several projects, such as KaRMI [14], RMIX [15], Manta [16],Ibis RMI [12], and Opt RMI [17]. However, the use of non-standard APIs, the lack of portability, and the insufficient overhead reductions, still significantly larger than socket latencies, have restricted their applicability. Therefore, although munication middleware (e.g., message -passing libraries) used to be based on RMI, current munication libraries use sockets due to their lower overhead. In this case, the higher programming effort required by the lower-level
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