( 12) are nonlinear and operation based, which plicated issue. In this study, the experimental measurements of the gap flows are preferred. If it is not possible, the worst cases of the geometrics or tolerances with empirical adjustments may be used to consider the cavitation issue, i.e., minimum gap flows. For scenario V, the flow is mostly in high velocity and can be described by using the turbulent orifice equation as 2( ) 2( ) ( ) ( ) i n d n Tn d i d d p p P p q c A c A ? ?? ?? ?? ?( 14) where Pi and Pd are the intake and discharge pressure of the pump and ( ) iA? and ( ) dA? are the instantaneous overlap area between barrel kidneys and inlet/discharge ports of the valve plate individually.
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