available in two supply channels: a traditional retail store and an -enabled direct channel. Johansen ’s system is assumed tobe controlled bya base-stock policy. The independent and stochastically dependent lead times pared. To sum up, these papers consider two- or N-echelon inventory systems, with generally stochastic demand, except for one study that considers Markov-modulated demand. They generally assume constant lead time, but two of them accept it tobe stochastic. They gain exact or approximate solutions. In multi-echelon inventory management there are some other research techniques used in literature, such as heuristics, vary-METRIC method, fuzzy sets, model predictive control, scenario analysis, statistical analysis, and GAs. These methods are used rarely and only bya few authors.
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